Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex

A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crime and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender. First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaum’s study in â€Å"Men Who Rape: the Psychology of the Offender† (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate one’s victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. â€Å"Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon† (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control one’s victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 2003). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido; it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim. Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http://www.rainn.org/statistics.html â€Å"Recidivism of Sex Offenders†. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 from http://www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.html Rice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386. Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). â€Å"Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin- Releasing Horomone†. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-422 Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). â€Å"A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism†. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(3), 309-323 Thornberry, Terence P. â€Å"Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration.† Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed: Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany: NY. 1989. Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404: Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished) Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crime and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender. First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaum’s study in â€Å"Men Who Rape: the Psychology of the Offender† (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate one’s victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. â€Å"Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon† (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control one’s victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 2003). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido; it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim. Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http://www.rainn.org/statistics.html â€Å"Recidivism of Sex Offenders†. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 from http://www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.html Rice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386. Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). â€Å"Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin- Releasing Horomone†. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-422 Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). â€Å"A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism†. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(3), 309-323 Thornberry, Terence P. â€Å"Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration.† Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed: Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany: NY. 1989. Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404: Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished)

Job Negotiation

Job Negotiation Analysis Research on The Job The job that I am looking for is full-time accountant and many companies have openings for staff accountant. Though I have Bachelor's Degree in Accounting and will gain Graduate Diploma, my shortage is that it is my first time to find full-time job and I have little work experience. So I set my career level as entry level and find relative jobs that only need less than 2-year work experience or that have no requirement on years of work experience. Under this situation, I can highlight my unique education, skills and intern-experience.According to my research on Monster. com, there are now 162 jobs matched my requirement in the latest 15days. The industries that need accountants range from education to Energy and Utilities, from Insurance to Transport and Storage. Based on the result, we can see that accountants are greatly needed in the market. About the job, different companies have different specific requirements but generally speaking, responsibilities are almost the same, such as reconciliation of accounting subjects, preparing periodic reports and supporting accounting and financial analysis.All jobs require at least Bachelor’s Degree in Accounting. The majority companies give a range on salary and the overall salary range for the job is between 30,000-77,000 annually, depending on education background and experience. Except basic salary, some companies also have profit share projects. Benefit packages also vary from companies and companies. Ideal one covers health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, paid time off, housing allowance, transportation allowance and etc.For instance, Liberty Mutual Insurance, a Fortune 100 company, provides a comprehensive benefits plan. Based on historical statistics, first-year accountants earned a median salary of 43,660, according to Salary Wizard. The middle 50 percent of entry-level accountants earned between 39,737 and 48,257. The bottom 10 percent earned below 36,166, while the top 10 percent earned above 52,442. Accountants who have received a master’s degree in accounting are offered 49,786 as a first-year offer. Other issues such as location of the job, scale of the company also decide the salary.For example, the salary of Associate Accountants in Liberty Mutual Insurance is between 42,400 and 58,300. Other than competitive pay, the company also provides comprehensive benefits packages and outstanding advancement opportunities. Furthermore, the job location is Boston. This job is an ideal option for me. But at the same time, I also realize that I have to face reality. The economy in US is not prosperous and some companies just hire US citizens. Thus, during the negotiation, I will make some concession and try to build relationship with employers.PLANNING DOCUMENT FORM 1. Issues that are most important to me (1). Salary. Salary is of the most importance for me. I want salary above the average level and if recruiters can rai se my salary, I can make concession on other issues. (2). Annual bonus. For new employees who work less than one year, most companies will just provide half annual bonus, based on the performance. For me, the biggest difference is whether I can or cannot have annual bonus. I do not care the actual percentage of annual bonus, because after one-year work, I can renegotiate about this issue. 3). Benefits packages (insurance, housing allowance and etc. ) Different companies have different regulation on benefit packages, but most companies will cover at least several issues, such as health insurance, retirement plans. Thus, this issue may be not significant for recruiters because the majority companies have regulation on benefits packages and the plans must cover several issues I raise. (4). Vacation time For a new employee, I do not care much about vacation time. In other aspect, paid-off vacation time increases employee’s salary.During the negotiation, recruiters want to decreas e my vacation time and I can use this item to exchange other important issues. (5). Location As an international student, I am flexible about the location of job. It is perfect if I can go to big cities, but I cannot, it is also fine. But for recruiters, the cost about jobs in different location can vary a lot. 2. My BATNA, Reservation Price and Target Back in China, I have a good job offer. Also, I may get another job offer at a similar firm and I can choose from different offers.My reservation price is 40,000 and any job below that salary will not be accepted even though the job has good benefits package. And my target is to get an accountant job in a well-known company with about $52,000 salary per year, which covers annual bonus plan and basic benefits package. 3. My sources of power I will get my Graduate Diploma in summer. Since accountants are in great need in the market, I can have more choices and change decision during interview or pre-hire. I can go to Career Center to ta lk to professionals and get information and advice on this kind of job.Also, career center can provide historical statistics about a company, such as average salary. Moreover, alumni who work in this field also can give me valuable advice, such as the salary, bonus they get. Last, I have a good job offer in China. If there is no satisfied offer here, I can go back. 4. Issues that are most important to recruiter (1). Salary (2). Annual bonus (3). Vacation time (4). Location (5). Benefits coverage 5. My opponent’s BATNA, Reservation Price, Target The recruiters can hire another candidate.For recruiters, their reservation price is giving me the highest salary and bonus they set and providing me good work location, the most days of vacation and a comprehensive benefits package. For example, there is a salary range for Liberty Mutual Insurance and its reservation price is the highest , which is 58,300, at the current situation. But in fact, employers want someone who can meet all their demand at a low or reasonable cost. 6. My opponent’s sources of power First, the recruiters can get information about me from the school or on Internet (such as Facebook and Twitter).The greatest power for them is that they can choose from different candidates. They know conditions rose by different candidates and can make comparison. For me, I have no idea about other candidates, which is my disadvantage. 7. My opening move/first strategy My biggest weakness is that I do not have enough work experience in this field, so I want the other side to make first offer. Based on the information provided by recruiter, I can choose making concession or raising my own demand. Scoring System Issue| Weight| Options| Option Value| W*V|Salary| 35%| $60,000| 1000| 350| | | $55,000| 800| 280| | | $52,000| 600| 210| | | $48,000| 570| 200| | | $43,000| 500| 175| | | $40,000| 300| 105| Annual Bonus(For the first year)| 25%| 5%| 800| 200| | | 3%| 700| 175| | | 2%| 500| 125| | | 0%| 0| 0| B enefit Package| 20%| 401K| 800| 160| | | Health Insurance| 800| 160| | | Housing Insurance| 600| 120| | | Disability Insurance| 400| 80| | | Transportation Allowance| 300| 60| | | None| 0| 0| Vacation Time(For the first year)| 10%| 15 days| 800| 80| | | 12days| 700| 70| | 10days| 600| 60| | | 7days| 500| 50| | | 5days| 400| 40| Location| 5%| DC,NY,Boston area| 1000| 50| | | Chicago,San Francisco,Houston| 800| 40| | | Other| 400| 20| The score of my target package is 1075 and my BATNA package score is 815. I will let the other side make first offer. On one hand, I can get information about the employer and consider my response. On the other hand, I can avoid being aggressive. During the negotiation, I will try to highlight my education background and inter-experience and fade my work experience.Also, it is important for me to ask question and through the answers, I can verify whether their preference and priorities are the same as I estimate. Moreover, I can provide multiple equivale nt packages to determine the other side’s preference and priorities. For me, salary and annual bonus are more important than other issues and I will not make huge concession on the two issues. I can exchange vacation time and location for the first two issues. I am not worried about benefits package because every company has its own regulation and I certainly can have several items.Being a candidate, I also have to avoid behaving aggressive because building relationship with the other party is important. Reference 1. http://www1. salary. com/Accounting-Salaries. html 2. http://blogs. payscale. com/salary_report_kris_cowan/2012/05/most-us-workers-dont-use-vacation-days. html 3. http://www. glassdoor. com/Salary/KPMG-Salaries-E2867. htm 4. http://www. glassdoor. com/Salaries/accountant-salary-SRCH_KO0,10. htm 5. The Average Salary of First-Year Accountants | eHow. com 6. http://www. ehow. com/info_8271661_average-salary-firstyear-accountants. html#ixzz2LBOGC4OR

What Cheating Out and Other Theater Jargon Means

Drama class and theater rehearsals are some of the only places where cheating is encouraged. No, not cheating on a test. When  actors  cheat  out, they position themselves towards the audience, they share their bodies and voices so that audiences can see and hear them better. To Cheat Out means that the performer readjusts his or her body with an audience in mind. This might mean that the actors stand in a way thats not quite natural — which is why this practice cheats reality just a bit. But at least the audience will be able to see and hear the performer! Very often, when young  actors are  rehearsing on stage, they might turn their backs to the audience, or offer only a limited view. The director then might say, Cheat out, please. Ad Lib During a performance of a play, if you forget your line and cover for yourself by saying something off-the-top of your head, you are ad-libbing, creating dialogue on the spot. The abbreviated term ad lib comes from the  latin phrase:  ad libitum  which means At ones pleasure.But sometimes resorting to an ad lib is anything but pleasurable. For an actor who forgets a line during the middle of a show, an ad lib might be the only way to keep the scene going. Have you ever ad-libbed your way out of a scene? Have you ever helped a fellow actor who forgot his or her lines with an ad lib? Actors have an obligation to learn and deliver the lines of a play precisely as the playwright wrote them, but its good to practice ad-libbing during rehearsals. Off Book When actors have completely memorized their lines, they are said to be off book. In other words, they will be rehearsing with no script (book) in their hands. Most rehearsal schedules will establish a deadline for actors to be off book. And many directors will not allow any scripts in hand — no matter how poorly prepared the actors may be — after the off book deadline. Chewing the Scenery This piece of theatrical jargon is not complimentary. If an actor is chewing the scenery, it means that he or she is over-acting. Speaking too loudly and theatrically, gesticulating largely and more than necessary, mugging for the audience — all of these are examples of chewing the scenery. Unless the character you play is supposed to be a scenery-chewer, its something to avoid. Stepping on Lines Although it is not always (or usually) intended, actors are guilty of stepping on lines when they deliver a line too early and thereby skip over another actors line or they start their line before another actor has finished speaking and thus speak on top of another actors lines. Actors are not fond of the practice of stepping on lines. Breaking Curtain When audiences attend a theatrical production, they are asked to suspend their disbelief — to agree to pretend that the action onstage is real and is happening for the first time. It is the responsibility of the productions cast and crew to help the audience do this. Thus, they must refrain from doing things like peeking out at the audience before or during a performance, waving from offstage to audience members they know, or appearing in costume off the stage during intermission or after the performance ends. All of these behaviors and others are considered breaking curtain. Paper the House When theaters give away a large amount of tickets (or offer the tickets at a very low rate) in order to gain a large audience, this practice is called papering the house. One of the strategies behind papering the house is to create positive word-of-mouth about a show that might otherwise suffer from low-attendance. Papering the house is also helpful to the performers because it is more satisfying and realistic to play to a  full or almost full house than to play for a sparsely populated set of seats. Sometimes papering the house is a rewarding way for theaters to offer seats to groups that might not otherwise be able to afford them.