Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex

A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crime and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender. First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaum’s study in â€Å"Men Who Rape: the Psychology of the Offender† (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate one’s victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. â€Å"Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon† (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control one’s victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 2003). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido; it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim. Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http://www.rainn.org/statistics.html â€Å"Recidivism of Sex Offenders†. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 from http://www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.html Rice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386. Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). â€Å"Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin- Releasing Horomone†. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-422 Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). â€Å"A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism†. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(3), 309-323 Thornberry, Terence P. â€Å"Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration.† Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed: Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany: NY. 1989. Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404: Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished) Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crime and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender. First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaum’s study in â€Å"Men Who Rape: the Psychology of the Offender† (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate one’s victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. â€Å"Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon† (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control one’s victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 2003). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido; it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim. Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http://www.rainn.org/statistics.html â€Å"Recidivism of Sex Offenders†. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 from http://www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.html Rice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386. Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). â€Å"Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin- Releasing Horomone†. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-422 Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). â€Å"A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism†. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(3), 309-323 Thornberry, Terence P. â€Å"Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration.† Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed: Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany: NY. 1989. Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404: Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished)

Job Negotiation

Job Negotiation Analysis Research on The Job The job that I am looking for is full-time accountant and many companies have openings for staff accountant. Though I have Bachelor's Degree in Accounting and will gain Graduate Diploma, my shortage is that it is my first time to find full-time job and I have little work experience. So I set my career level as entry level and find relative jobs that only need less than 2-year work experience or that have no requirement on years of work experience. Under this situation, I can highlight my unique education, skills and intern-experience.According to my research on Monster. com, there are now 162 jobs matched my requirement in the latest 15days. The industries that need accountants range from education to Energy and Utilities, from Insurance to Transport and Storage. Based on the result, we can see that accountants are greatly needed in the market. About the job, different companies have different specific requirements but generally speaking, responsibilities are almost the same, such as reconciliation of accounting subjects, preparing periodic reports and supporting accounting and financial analysis.All jobs require at least Bachelor’s Degree in Accounting. The majority companies give a range on salary and the overall salary range for the job is between 30,000-77,000 annually, depending on education background and experience. Except basic salary, some companies also have profit share projects. Benefit packages also vary from companies and companies. Ideal one covers health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, paid time off, housing allowance, transportation allowance and etc.For instance, Liberty Mutual Insurance, a Fortune 100 company, provides a comprehensive benefits plan. Based on historical statistics, first-year accountants earned a median salary of 43,660, according to Salary Wizard. The middle 50 percent of entry-level accountants earned between 39,737 and 48,257. The bottom 10 percent earned below 36,166, while the top 10 percent earned above 52,442. Accountants who have received a master’s degree in accounting are offered 49,786 as a first-year offer. Other issues such as location of the job, scale of the company also decide the salary.For example, the salary of Associate Accountants in Liberty Mutual Insurance is between 42,400 and 58,300. Other than competitive pay, the company also provides comprehensive benefits packages and outstanding advancement opportunities. Furthermore, the job location is Boston. This job is an ideal option for me. But at the same time, I also realize that I have to face reality. The economy in US is not prosperous and some companies just hire US citizens. Thus, during the negotiation, I will make some concession and try to build relationship with employers.PLANNING DOCUMENT FORM 1. Issues that are most important to me (1). Salary. Salary is of the most importance for me. I want salary above the average level and if recruiters can rai se my salary, I can make concession on other issues. (2). Annual bonus. For new employees who work less than one year, most companies will just provide half annual bonus, based on the performance. For me, the biggest difference is whether I can or cannot have annual bonus. I do not care the actual percentage of annual bonus, because after one-year work, I can renegotiate about this issue. 3). Benefits packages (insurance, housing allowance and etc. ) Different companies have different regulation on benefit packages, but most companies will cover at least several issues, such as health insurance, retirement plans. Thus, this issue may be not significant for recruiters because the majority companies have regulation on benefits packages and the plans must cover several issues I raise. (4). Vacation time For a new employee, I do not care much about vacation time. In other aspect, paid-off vacation time increases employee’s salary.During the negotiation, recruiters want to decreas e my vacation time and I can use this item to exchange other important issues. (5). Location As an international student, I am flexible about the location of job. It is perfect if I can go to big cities, but I cannot, it is also fine. But for recruiters, the cost about jobs in different location can vary a lot. 2. My BATNA, Reservation Price and Target Back in China, I have a good job offer. Also, I may get another job offer at a similar firm and I can choose from different offers.My reservation price is 40,000 and any job below that salary will not be accepted even though the job has good benefits package. And my target is to get an accountant job in a well-known company with about $52,000 salary per year, which covers annual bonus plan and basic benefits package. 3. My sources of power I will get my Graduate Diploma in summer. Since accountants are in great need in the market, I can have more choices and change decision during interview or pre-hire. I can go to Career Center to ta lk to professionals and get information and advice on this kind of job.Also, career center can provide historical statistics about a company, such as average salary. Moreover, alumni who work in this field also can give me valuable advice, such as the salary, bonus they get. Last, I have a good job offer in China. If there is no satisfied offer here, I can go back. 4. Issues that are most important to recruiter (1). Salary (2). Annual bonus (3). Vacation time (4). Location (5). Benefits coverage 5. My opponent’s BATNA, Reservation Price, Target The recruiters can hire another candidate.For recruiters, their reservation price is giving me the highest salary and bonus they set and providing me good work location, the most days of vacation and a comprehensive benefits package. For example, there is a salary range for Liberty Mutual Insurance and its reservation price is the highest , which is 58,300, at the current situation. But in fact, employers want someone who can meet all their demand at a low or reasonable cost. 6. My opponent’s sources of power First, the recruiters can get information about me from the school or on Internet (such as Facebook and Twitter).The greatest power for them is that they can choose from different candidates. They know conditions rose by different candidates and can make comparison. For me, I have no idea about other candidates, which is my disadvantage. 7. My opening move/first strategy My biggest weakness is that I do not have enough work experience in this field, so I want the other side to make first offer. Based on the information provided by recruiter, I can choose making concession or raising my own demand. Scoring System Issue| Weight| Options| Option Value| W*V|Salary| 35%| $60,000| 1000| 350| | | $55,000| 800| 280| | | $52,000| 600| 210| | | $48,000| 570| 200| | | $43,000| 500| 175| | | $40,000| 300| 105| Annual Bonus(For the first year)| 25%| 5%| 800| 200| | | 3%| 700| 175| | | 2%| 500| 125| | | 0%| 0| 0| B enefit Package| 20%| 401K| 800| 160| | | Health Insurance| 800| 160| | | Housing Insurance| 600| 120| | | Disability Insurance| 400| 80| | | Transportation Allowance| 300| 60| | | None| 0| 0| Vacation Time(For the first year)| 10%| 15 days| 800| 80| | | 12days| 700| 70| | 10days| 600| 60| | | 7days| 500| 50| | | 5days| 400| 40| Location| 5%| DC,NY,Boston area| 1000| 50| | | Chicago,San Francisco,Houston| 800| 40| | | Other| 400| 20| The score of my target package is 1075 and my BATNA package score is 815. I will let the other side make first offer. On one hand, I can get information about the employer and consider my response. On the other hand, I can avoid being aggressive. During the negotiation, I will try to highlight my education background and inter-experience and fade my work experience.Also, it is important for me to ask question and through the answers, I can verify whether their preference and priorities are the same as I estimate. Moreover, I can provide multiple equivale nt packages to determine the other side’s preference and priorities. For me, salary and annual bonus are more important than other issues and I will not make huge concession on the two issues. I can exchange vacation time and location for the first two issues. I am not worried about benefits package because every company has its own regulation and I certainly can have several items.Being a candidate, I also have to avoid behaving aggressive because building relationship with the other party is important. Reference 1. http://www1. salary. com/Accounting-Salaries. html 2. http://blogs. payscale. com/salary_report_kris_cowan/2012/05/most-us-workers-dont-use-vacation-days. html 3. http://www. glassdoor. com/Salary/KPMG-Salaries-E2867. htm 4. http://www. glassdoor. com/Salaries/accountant-salary-SRCH_KO0,10. htm 5. The Average Salary of First-Year Accountants | eHow. com 6. http://www. ehow. com/info_8271661_average-salary-firstyear-accountants. html#ixzz2LBOGC4OR

What Cheating Out and Other Theater Jargon Means

Drama class and theater rehearsals are some of the only places where cheating is encouraged. No, not cheating on a test. When  actors  cheat  out, they position themselves towards the audience, they share their bodies and voices so that audiences can see and hear them better. To Cheat Out means that the performer readjusts his or her body with an audience in mind. This might mean that the actors stand in a way thats not quite natural — which is why this practice cheats reality just a bit. But at least the audience will be able to see and hear the performer! Very often, when young  actors are  rehearsing on stage, they might turn their backs to the audience, or offer only a limited view. The director then might say, Cheat out, please. Ad Lib During a performance of a play, if you forget your line and cover for yourself by saying something off-the-top of your head, you are ad-libbing, creating dialogue on the spot. The abbreviated term ad lib comes from the  latin phrase:  ad libitum  which means At ones pleasure.But sometimes resorting to an ad lib is anything but pleasurable. For an actor who forgets a line during the middle of a show, an ad lib might be the only way to keep the scene going. Have you ever ad-libbed your way out of a scene? Have you ever helped a fellow actor who forgot his or her lines with an ad lib? Actors have an obligation to learn and deliver the lines of a play precisely as the playwright wrote them, but its good to practice ad-libbing during rehearsals. Off Book When actors have completely memorized their lines, they are said to be off book. In other words, they will be rehearsing with no script (book) in their hands. Most rehearsal schedules will establish a deadline for actors to be off book. And many directors will not allow any scripts in hand — no matter how poorly prepared the actors may be — after the off book deadline. Chewing the Scenery This piece of theatrical jargon is not complimentary. If an actor is chewing the scenery, it means that he or she is over-acting. Speaking too loudly and theatrically, gesticulating largely and more than necessary, mugging for the audience — all of these are examples of chewing the scenery. Unless the character you play is supposed to be a scenery-chewer, its something to avoid. Stepping on Lines Although it is not always (or usually) intended, actors are guilty of stepping on lines when they deliver a line too early and thereby skip over another actors line or they start their line before another actor has finished speaking and thus speak on top of another actors lines. Actors are not fond of the practice of stepping on lines. Breaking Curtain When audiences attend a theatrical production, they are asked to suspend their disbelief — to agree to pretend that the action onstage is real and is happening for the first time. It is the responsibility of the productions cast and crew to help the audience do this. Thus, they must refrain from doing things like peeking out at the audience before or during a performance, waving from offstage to audience members they know, or appearing in costume off the stage during intermission or after the performance ends. All of these behaviors and others are considered breaking curtain. Paper the House When theaters give away a large amount of tickets (or offer the tickets at a very low rate) in order to gain a large audience, this practice is called papering the house. One of the strategies behind papering the house is to create positive word-of-mouth about a show that might otherwise suffer from low-attendance. Papering the house is also helpful to the performers because it is more satisfying and realistic to play to a  full or almost full house than to play for a sparsely populated set of seats. Sometimes papering the house is a rewarding way for theaters to offer seats to groups that might not otherwise be able to afford them.

The War On Drugs Should End - 934 Words

The United States absurdly spends billions to concentrate its efforts on the interdiction of substance use. Law enforcement and labors of exclusion have not been met with reductions in the accessibility of drugs in America. Aside from being remarkably expensive, drug task agencies have demonstrated racial discrimination and unequal anguish distressed by minority communities. Ultimately, it costs the government extreme amounts of taxpayer dollars to maintain this futile war while disregarding the rights of American citizens. Minority Target Since the birth of the United States, people of color have been the object of many societal injustices. For example, the â€Å"War on Drugs† has produced a staggering number of African-American and Latino arrests and incarceration rates throughout the U.S. Although the levels of drug consumption and peddling are similar amongst Caucasians, minorities are largely more susceptible to be detained, prosecuted, and imprisoned for drug law violation. And between federal and state governments, this discriminatory war costs billions of dollars annually to enforce. The war on drugs should end because it is awfully biased towards minorities, the epitome of ineffective policy, and unconstitutional. First, programs such as D.A.R.E. and the â€Å"Just Say No† campaign were launched to bring drug awareness to children due to the War on Drugs. However, this â€Å"operation† should end because it has become a war on the people, especially minorities. Major arrestShow MoreRelatedAmerica Should End Its War On Drugs1974 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica Should End its War on Drugs Mark Julius Floresca West Coast University â€Æ' Abstract America is spending 15 billion dollars every year to fund and support the War on Dugs (â€Å"Drug War Statistic,† 2015). I agree and support that America should end its War on Drugs. This war has been ongoing for four decades and America seems like its not going to win sooner. The nation is spending billions of dollars every year just to support this war on drugs. Also, this War has caused many non-violent peopleRead MoreEnd The War On Drugs Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesEnd the War on Drugs The war on drugs dates back to 1971, when President Richard Nixon first popularized it. His presidency and administration were primarily responsible for getting the ball rolling. Following his presidency, every administration has more or less doubled down on his stance on the war on drugs. It has become a hot political issue that politicians now use to swing votes by the use of â€Å"fear† and promises of â€Å"safety†. However, the reality is that we are not anymore safe thanRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States1324 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-violent drug charges (drug policy, 2015). These people’s lives are now forever changed because of a mistake they made. This mistake is continually made every single day and Americans are being punished in extreme ways for a non violent crime. The United States needs to decimalize all drugs because the drug war is costly, causes high incarceration rates, and isn’t effective as European drug solutions. In the 20th century, the United States would begin a disastrous campaign called the War on Drugs, thisRead MoreAddiction And Substance Abuse : Drugs1021 Words   |  5 Pagesthe drug war. Drugs just continue to hit the very streets that innocent people live on. Today people walk right outside their house and just around the corner, there is some guy that has the ability to sell them drugs. That is why the war on drugs in the U.S. has failed miserably because the number of people and high schoolers that are using drugs is still increasing, drug tests do not do anything to discourage using drugs and almost everyone knows how to cheat the tests, and legalizing drugs, suchRead MoreThe Drug War On Drugs1378 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-violent drug charges. These people’s lives are now forever changed because of a mistake they made. This mistake is continually made every single day and Americans are being punished in extreme ways for a non violent crime. The United States needs to d ecimalize all drugs because the drug war is costly, causes high incarceration rates, and isn’t effective as European drug solutions. In the 20th century, the United States government led a major renewed surge in drug prohibition called the War on DrugsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Speech Why We Need End The War On Drugs 1433 Words   |  6 PagesNeed to End the War on Drugs† given by Ethan Nadelmann, a drug policy reformist, Nadelmann gives a compelling and persuasive argument on how and why we should end the war on drugs. Nadelmann describes himself as the oldest son of a rabbi and a human rights activist who works to end the drug war. He urges that the drug war is very dynamic and what the United States is doing in relation to stop it is not effective. This helps launch into what he believes the US should do to end the drug war. A few subjectsRead MoreA Brief Note On The War On Drugs1356 Words   |  6 PagesRachael Radvansky Sociology 101 War on Drugs February 28, 2017 The War on Drugs can be a very controversial topic to different people around the world. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, and I fully respect that. Some people say that the War on Drugs is a waste of time and money while others are very concerned about the different drugs that are coming into the United States. It still amazes me that people are continuing to take/do drugs when they see and hear about how many people haveRead MoreThe War On Drugs Should Be Discontinued986 Words   |  4 Pagesthese ‘criminals’ America spends that wad of cash on were arrested for non-violent drug charges, and are not a danger to America’s safety at all. Drugs are no good, but do not cause harm to anyone but the user. That is, until these drugs are made illegal and drug cartels see huge profits in the illegal trade that they are willing to kill for. In 1971 President Nixon waged, quite dramatically, a full-blown war against drugs abuse, claiming that addiction is directl y related to crime. Instead of offeringRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society1564 Words   |  7 Pages The War on Drugs is a deep-rooted controversial campaign of prohibition and military aid that has been disputed for many years. There are constant debates as to whether there will ever be a viable solution to the problem. However, as we continue to pursue the â€Å"war on drugs,† it has become increasingly evident that â€Å"winning† the war seems to be an impossible task. Drug prohibition and the undertaking of the war on drugs have stirred much controversy over its moral and logical implications. WhileRead MoreThe War On Drugs927 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1971 President Richard Nixon declared a War on Drugs stating that drug abuse was â€Å"public enemy number one†. Four decades later America is still waging this war that many say can never truly be won. The goal of this campaign has always been the prohibition of drugs, military aid, and m ilitary intervention with the stated aim being to define and reduce the illegal drug trade however the tactics used thus far have done little to solve the problem of drugs in the United State. The use of military

`` Negroland And Fun Home `` By Margo Jefferson And Alison...

In Negroland and Fun Home, Margo Jefferson and Alison Bechdel both view their individual lives and identities as interacting with history. However, their perceptions of history differ vastly in that Jefferson identifies herself as both a spectator and player in a giant game of sociocultural history, while Bechdel perceives national history as a tape reeling alongside her life, shaping her worldview but serving as a backdrop amidst her individual life. In Negroland, Jefferson relates to and traces the sociocultural and racial history of Negroes that has shaped her niche in modern society and drastically changed her expectations and perspectives. In contrast, Bechdel does not explicitly cite history as an influential force but rather hints†¦show more content†¦Thus, expectations and conventions are imposed upon members of Negroland, such as Jefferson, so that they embody the privileges that arose over time from a complex and dynamic social hierarchy. For Jefferson, personal and racial histories are heavily interconnected, as denoted when she makes references to various historical and familial figures. Tracing the evolution of this hierarchy through the ages from the Civil War up to the present, Jefferson cites a fellow chronicler of Negroland, Anna Julia Cooper, the daughter of a slave and a slaveholder, a â€Å"Black Woman of the South† who criticizes the â€Å"masculinist† need to dominate domestically, nationally, and internationally; Cooper’s collective voice for the oppressed parallels Jefferson’s personal concern with race, gender, and class. However, Jefferson also emphasizes the collective Du Boisian â€Å"double consciousness† that Negroes in the Talented Tenth and in Negroland must face, thinking about â€Å"Them as Us,† forced to dismiss aspirations and professional duties and accept those in lower strata as equals (Jefferson 34). Jefferson undergoes a double consciousness of h er own in her childhood as well, when she is forced to conform to expectations due to her status as an upper-class Negro, expectations which force her â€Å"to be ambushed by insult and humiliation† even though these expectations are set to prevent errors and

Cardiac Arrest Free Essays

Sudden cardiac death happens more these days. There are so many people alone in the United States who just stops breathing with no heart disease involved. So why did their heart stop? There are so many researchers out there trying to figure out the underlying cause of these people who this happen to. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiac Arrest or any similar topic only for you Order Now There can be other reason why a person’s heart can stop without having a cardiac disease. A person’s body may store minerals that control the arrhythmia of the heart to act a different way. An example would be like too much potassium stored in ones body can actually stop the heart. This usually will happen more frequent in patients who receive dialysis on a regular basis; they depend on that to excrete fluids from the kidneys. There could be other health issues that could cause your heart to beat differently or to cause other underlying issues to put your heart in more stress. Some of these health issues would be diabetes, cancer, autoimmune diseases and hypertension. These can be fatal to ones heart if not taken care of properly. In the article, â€Å"Sudden cardiac arrest without overt heart disease† it actually talks about an investigation on a survivor from cardiac arrest. In this investigation Dr. Modi and Dr. Krahn do some testing and get some family background information. First they found out that through this survivor their family history was not cardiac related at all. They ran a test called baseline electrolyte and metabolic testing to look at the cardiac electricity. This is to see if was related to the cardiac arrest. Coronary imaging was another test the doctors ran and didn’t show any abnormalities. Usually this type of test is to see if the patient has any coronary artery disease especially the ones with previous symptoms of shortness of breath or chest pain. Echocardiography is to detect congenital heart defects and checks for cardiomyopathy. This is usually performed in a cath lab and watched very closely. They look at all the ventricles of the heart as well. A stress test is used to see how well your heart does under stress. You are hooked up to ecg machine and it looks at your QT waves. This is a very popular test that is runned for patients with previous cardiac symptoms. There is also a more advanced imaging test they can run which is a MRI. This is more detailed when it comes to detecting things like an infection of the heart called myocarditis. The last test that was taken was a 12 lead EKG. This is a simple and fast test. This can see if a patient has tachycardia (fast heartbeat), Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), PVCs(Premature ventricular contractions) and other arrhythmia issues. Sometimes the EKG doesn’t catch it because it literally is a 5 second test. The other way is to wear a heart monitor that you can wear from 20-30 days. This is a sure way to find out if there is an issue. There has been an instance where a patient has a normal sinus rhythm at the doctors office and then wears a heart monitor will find something on it. It can be quite scary! Luckily they have medicine for lots of these cardiac issues. Medicines can vary from beta blockers to cholesterol pills to take on a daily basis. The beta blockers are simply to regulate blood pressure and heart rate; and cholesterol pills that help lowers it to keep from the arteries to get filled with plaque which can later cause a heart attack. Sometimes with these medications there are risks that can happen with all the side effects. Some people never have side effects and others do. The only way to help that is to typically have surgery or if it’s not bad enough just live your life. Unfortunately you can’t control everything but just be cautious. Finally with all the tests and medications out there to help diagnose why this person had a sudden cardiac arrest there is more testing that needs to be performed to get more answers. The doctors are considering doing genetic testing . They believe this might help with future cardiac arrests don’t to happen. Although there are many tests that were talked about like MRI, stress tests, EKG, Cath lab procedures and even medicines can’t control what might happen to anyone. With all this technology we can only do so much and protect only what we know. Hopefully with more research there will be a better outcome. How to cite Cardiac Arrest, Papers

Critique of Growth Ecological Economics

Question: Discuss about the Critique of Growth Ecological Economics. Answer: Introduction: The monetary value of all the completed commodities and services that is produced within a border of a country in a specified time is termed as Gross Domestic Product. GDP can be calculated on both quarterly and annual basis. GDP is considered as a wide measurement of a overall economic activity of a nation (Coyle 2016). Real GDP is mostly used to measure the standard of living however; real GDP can be deceptive for several causes. In other words, real GDP does not include household production as well as production activities that are mostly performed by a homeowner. This omission generates a major measurement problem as these tasks are considered as an imperative component of the work of an individual. Real GDP also neglects the background economy as well as those economic activities that are legal but unreported. The measurement of health of an individual as well as life expectancy is also included by real GDP. It also excludes damages caused by environment. It does not recognize the extent of political freedom as well as social justice enjoyed by the citizens of a nation. It has been examined that the statistics of GDP does not comprise the underground or unofficial economy. For example, real GDP accounts for the total market value of all commodities and services that are produced in Australia aft er the deduction of cost of commodities and services (Daly 2013). Unemployment is considered as a phenomenon that takes place when an individual is actively exploring for a job however; he is not able to find a work. It is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. Unemployment rate is considered as the most recurrent measure of unemployment. For example, in Australia, the seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment increased to 5.7 percent in the year 2016 that was recorded to be slightly above market consensus. Government regulation mostly gives rise to unemployment. As per the labor laws, employees should get a certain amount of wages as well as other health insurance benefits from the employers. Increased competition between trades leads to unemployment. One of the key historical reasons that lead to unemployment is raised automation that is referred to as increased technology, which displaces workers. Unemployment also arises due to disparity of skills in the labor market that are generally caused by occupational immobility, which aris es due to difficulties in learning new skills. Structural change in the economy also leads to unemployment. In other words, the decline of coalmines, for example will lead to unemployment among coal miners due to lack of competition (Hobson 2013). Figure: Real Wage Unemployment (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows the occurrence of real wage unemployment that takes place in a competitive market. Q2 indicates the supply of labor that is greater at W2 as compared to the demand for labor at Q. The factors, which makes unemployment unavoidable, mostly comprises of the individuals who enters the workforce searching for a job at a point of time. However, on the other hand, it also becomes unavoidable due to some individuals who stop searching for a job when they are not able to find any. The existence of depressed workers mostly makes unemployment unavoidable (Valletta 2013). Consumer Price Index is considered as a measurement that analyzes the weighted average of prices of a basket of goods and services of customers. A price level is the measurement of present prices of commodities that are produced in an economy within a specified period. On the other hand, inflation is defined as the rate at which general price level for commodities and services increases whereas; purchasing power of currency decreases. Inflation increases with the augment in the average level of prices of goods and services. This is mostly because; the cost of living relies on the average level of prices for both goods and services. Increase in economic movement acts as a key inflationary trigger. As a result, it is highly agreed that increase in average prices for goods and services leads to inflation (Tiwari, Mutascu and Andries 2013). Aggregate demand is also termed as domestic final demand that describes the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given period. The aggregate demand curve is plotted with price level on the vertical axis and real output on the horizontal axis. Figure: Aggregate Demand (Source: Created by Author) The aggregate demand curve describes the relationship between two factors such as, the quantity of output that is demanded as well as aggregate level of price. The aggregate demand curve symbolizes the overall quantity of all commodities that is demanded by the economy at diverse level of prices. The aggregate level of price is mostly measured by the consumer price index (Gal 2013). There are mostly three reasons that lead to downward sloping aggregate demand curve. The major reason is the wealth effect. The aggregate demand curve is illustrated under the assumption of the fact that government holds the supply of money constant. As the level of price increases, the wealth of the economy as estimated by the supply of money diminishes in value as the purchasing power of money falls. An aggregate demand curve is shown in the following diagram. The vertical axis shows the level of price of all final commodities and services (Godin 2014). Figure: Aggregate demand curve slopes downwards (Source: Created by Author) The wealth effect leads to an inverse relationship between the level of price and real GDP that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve. The second reason that leads to downward sloping demand curve is the interest rate effect. As the level of price rises, firms necessitate more money in order to handle their transaction. With the increase in rate of interest, spending that is receptive to interest rate reduces. The third reason that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve is the effects of net export. As the domestic level of price increases, abroad made commodities becomes comparatively reasonable so that the demand for imports rises (Jain, Tantri and Thirumalai 2016). Aggregate supply is mostly described as the total supply of commodities and services that firms in a national economy are eager to sell at a specified level of price. On the other hand, long-run is the conceptual period in which there are no fixed cost of production. The aggregate supply curve gets affected by capital, technology as well as labor in the long-run. The long-run aggregate supply curve changes the slowest of the three ranges of the aggregate supply curve and as a result, it is termed as static. Figure: Vertical LAS Curve (Source: Created by Author) The long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical that reflects the principle of the economists regarding the fact that aggregate demand changes only due to a temporary change in total output of an economy. It also indicates a prospective output and it also shows that it leads to increase in input prices. An example of circumstances that leads to shift in the long-run curve towards the right is the increase in population as well as increase in physical capital shock. Figure: Upward Sloping SAS Curve (Source: Created by Author) The short-run aggregate supply curve takes place when increase in price leads to increase in quantity. The sticky-wage model and the sticky-price model helps to explain the cause behind the upward-sloping short-run aggregate supply curve. the curve is mostly upward sloping due to the fact that firms always tends to increase the level of price with rise in demand. For example, the decrease in wages as well as augment in physical capital leads to short-run aggregate supply (Stiglitz and Rosengard 2015). References Coyle, D., 2016. Economics: GDP in the dock.Nature,534(7608), pp.472-474. Daly, H., 2013. A further critique of growth economics.Ecological economics,88, pp.20-24. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Godin, A., 2014. Marc Lavoie, Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations. Chapter 5. Effective Demand and Employment.Revue de la rgulation. Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs, (16). Hobson, J.A., 2013.The Economics of Unemployment (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Jain, A., Tantri, P.L. and Thirumalai, R.S., 2016. Downward Sloping Demand Curve, Price Pressure, or Slow Moving Capital?: Evidence from an Exogenous Supply Shock.Price Pressure, or Slow Moving Capital. Stiglitz, J.E. and Rosengard, J.K., 2015.Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Tiwari, A.K., Mutascu, M. and Andries, A.M., 2013. Decomposing time-frequency relationship between producer price and consumer price indices in Romania through wavelet analysis.Economic Modelling,31, pp.151-159. Valletta, R.G., 2013. House lock and structural unemployment.Labour Economics,25, pp.86-97.